Chinese Women Essay -- China Chinese Culture Essays

Chinese Women Traditional Chinese society was patriarchal, patrilineal, and patrilocal. In this male dominated society, sons were preferred to daughters, and women were expected to be subordinate to their fathers, husbands, and sons. Because marriages were arranged, young women and men had virtually no voice in the decisions on their marriage partner, resulting in loveless marriages. Once married, it was the woman who left her family and community and went to live with her husband’s family, where she was subordinate to her mother-in-law. In some cases, female infants were subjected to a high rate of infanticide, or sold as slaves to wealthy families. Men were permitted to take as many wives as they wished and bound feet, which were customary even for peasant women, symbolized the painful constraints of the female role. Chinese women were considered second-class citizens and were subject to the wishes and restraints of men. The basic unit of Chinese society, the family, was male dominated. The oldest living male ruled the patriarchal Chinese family. As the head of the family, the grandfather or father decided whom the children and grandchildren would marry. Because the Chinese practiced a patrilineal system, ancestry was only traced through the male side of the family. When a woman married in the patrilocal system, she was no longer a member of her own family and was sent to live with her husband’s family. Her mother-in-law was to be considered her own new mother and her authority was absolute (Major 107-109). â€Å"Her rule could be benevolent but, far more generally, is reported to have been harsh and autocratic in the extreme, leading at times to suicide (Tregear 120). Daughters, whose long-term contribution to their families was limited, were valued much less than sons. Traditional Chinese philosophy was that, â€Å"raising daughters is like raising children for another family† (Major 109). After O-lan delivers her first daughter, in the novel The Good Earth, she says to her husband Wang Lung, â€Å"It is only a slave this time – not worth mentioning† (Buck 65). Sometimes daughters were sold as servants or prostitutes, or even killed in order to give sons a better chance for survival in times of stress or prolonged famine. During a time of great famine, O-lan, wishing to do what is best for husband, suggests selling their daughter, â€Å"If it were only ... ...his women’s feet and associates small feet with attractiveness and sex (Buck 169-180). Chinese women had no choice but to comply with this torture. â€Å"It was a social convention of long standing and a girl was disgraced if she came to maturity with unbound or large feet† (Latourette 84). When a girl reached the marriageable age, she had better hopes of marrying well if she had bound feet. It was seen to be a reflection on her parents’ ability to raise her properly. Mothers told their daughters that a woman’s attractiveness resided more in her character than in her face or body. Bound feet showed discipline and respect for the Confucian idea of a â€Å"mindful body.† Furthermore, small feet showed refinement and class, which reflected back on a woman’s family (Vento 4). The disgusting display of sexism in China has been immensely reduced by the Communist regime. However, the situation is still far from ideal. Although concubinage and footbinding have been outlawed, the woman’s role is still considered to be in the home. As Soren Kierkegaard once said, â€Å"the present state of the world and the whole of life is diseased.† With a little luck, the cure will be discovered soon.

Outline and Evaluate One or More Biological Explanations to Schizophrenia

Outline and evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia (8 marks AO1/16 marks AO1) Schizophrenia is classified as a mental disorder that shows profound disruption of cognition and emotion which affects a person’s language, perception, thought and sense of self. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenic’s neurones transmitting dopamine release the neurotransmitter too easily, leading to the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia.This hypothesis claims that schizophrenics have abnormally high amounts of D2 receptors; receptors that receive dopamine, therefore resulting in a higher amount of D2 receptors binding to the receptors causing more impulses. Dopamine neurotransmitters play a key role in guiding attention, so an imbalance of this neuron leads to problems relating to attention, perception and thought. Amphetamines are a dopamine agonist drug, which stimulates the neurons containing dopamine. According to the dopamine hypothesis, large do ses of the drug lead to the characteristic schizophrenic symptoms, hallucinations and delusions.The development and use of Antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia support the dopamine hypothesis. The drugs work by blocking activity of dopamine and have been shown to alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions and thinking problems associated with the disorder. This is because by reducing dopamine activity helps to maintain a constant level in guiding attention, leading to a decrease in key schizophrenic symptoms of hallucinations and delusions because they can be caused by being overly attentive.Statistics increase the reliability of the biological explanation of the dopamine hypothesis for explaining schizophrenia; as they show Antipsychotics have a 60% success rate. Therefore, this shows a link between high levels of dopamine activity and schizophrenia, as antipsychotics work by blocking the dopamine activity. This has led to more effective treatment, allowing those with schizophrenia to improve their quality of life, However, a meta-analysis investigation on post mortem studies on schizophrenics has produced contradicting evidence about the dopamine hypothesis.The contradictive evidence by Haracz (1982) showed that those who died whilst on a course of the antipsychotic drugs actually had higher levels of dopamine activity than those not using the antipsychotic drugs. This occurs because the neurotransmitter builds up in the synapse of the neurone whilst the drug blocks to D2 receptors and as the drug wears off, more impulses are initiated by the neurotransmitters, causing the schizophrenic symptoms.This means the dopamine hypothesis lack reliability in explaining schizophrenia because antipsychotics could be responsible for increasing dopamine activity and therefore actually increase the schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusion, which decreases the schizophrenic’s quality of life as they live in a const ant psychosis state where they have lost touch with reality. The development of neuroimaging techniques such as PET scans (a 3D image of the brain obtained by a nuclear machine) has led to supporting evidence for numerous explanations, yet has so far failed to provide evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis.This questions the reliability of the biological approaches claim that increased activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine as the neurologists have closely examined the brain and differences in dopamine activity in schizophrenics and healthy individuals. This lack of evidence means that treatments produced to help those with schizophrenia may not be successful in treating schizophrenia as there may be a possibility that the dopamine hypothesis is not accurate in explaining schizophrenia. The biological explanation of schizophrenia also claims that the disorder can be inherited.The more common the disorder is among the biological relatives and the closer the degree of genetic relatedness increases the risk of the child developing schizophrenia. Gottesman’s research (1991) found a genetic link with schizophrenia when looking at children and their relatives. The research discovered that children with two schizophrenic parents have a concordance rate of 46% compared to children who just have one schizophrenic parent to children who have a concordance rate of 13% and siblings just 9%.The genetic theory of schizophrenia also suggests that monozygotic twins (twins who a genetically identical) should have a higher concordance rate of schizophrenia than dizygotic twins (twins who are not genetically identical) because they have a closer degree of genetic relatedness. Adoption studies support the genetic theory that schizophrenia can be inherited as they provide evidence that the environment does not affect inheritance rate. The supporting study was carried out by Tienari in Finland. He investigated 164 adoptees that biological mothers have been diagnosed with schizophrenia and found 6. % also received a diagnosis, compared to 2% of the control group of adoptees. This means that that there is a genetic liability to schizophrenia, as more of with the biological mother having schizophrenia develop schizophrenia than the control group. As a result, this increases reliability of the biological approaches explanation to schizophrenia as it indicates genetic factors play a major role in the development of schizophrenia and environmental factors such as a different upbringing do not inhibit this.However, Tienari’s research did not produce a statistic proving the majority of those who have biological mothers with schizophrenia developed the disorder later in life. The study showed only 6. 7% of the adopted children with a relative with schizophrenia developed the disorder, yet 93. 3% didn’t develop the disorder. This suggests that environmental factors also play a key role in causing schizophrenia – not just the genetic factors – which inclines a lack of internal validity to the biological explanation.This means that the therapies based on the biological explanation of schizophrenia will not be effective as they do not consider all factors affecting the disorder, leading to those suffering with schizophrenia not able to improve their quality of life. Investigations on monozygotic and dizygotic twins also support the theory that genetic factors play an important role in schizophrenia. The study showed that there was a concordance rate of 40. 4% for monozygotic twins yet only 7. 4% concordance rate of dizygotic twins.A concordance rate shows how many times both twins developed the disorder. These findings supports the genetic position because they show the monozygotic concordance rate, twin who are 100% genetic similar, to be far higher than dizygotic twins, who only have about a 50% genetic similarity. Therefore, this increases the reliability of the biological explanation of schizophrenia as it shows that the closer degree of genetic similarity there is, the increased likelihood of the relative developing the disorder. It can be argued that the biological explanation to schizophrenia is reductionist.This is because it does not consider the environmental factors involves with developing schizophrenia, only what does on inside the brain. For example, the genetic theory states that schizophrenia is inherited, yet research only found a concordance rate of 40. 4% for monozygotic twins. If schizophrenia was caused 100% by inheritance and degree of genetic similarity, the concordance rate for monozygotic twins should be 100% as they are genetically identical. Thereby, this reduces the reliability of the biological explanation as it does not consider other factors affecting schizophrenia, such as the environmental factors.

Nature Vs. Nurture Childhood Obesity - 1510 Words

Ian Duffy Nature v. Nurture in Childhood Adiposity The nature versus nurture debate is one of the most longstanding arguments in the history of psychology and it aims to determine what has greater influence on personal development; one’s genes and inherited qualities compared to one’s environment. This debate is especially interesting in the study of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is growing at an alarming rate in most developed countries throughout the world and it cannot be understated how serious the consequences can be. Obese children have higher chances of developing various health problems like diabetes, bone and joint issues, asthma and high blood pressure. Therefore it is important to understand the root causes of the childhood obesity epidemic so that this problem may begin to be solved. From a nature standpoint, it is scientifically proven that genetics are able to but do not always play a key role in childhood adiposity. However, while the propensity to develop above average body fat as a child can be inherited, one’s environment also has large implications. In the study of childhood obesity, nurture proponents give greater value to factors like overall declines in physical activity and increased availability of calorie laden foods as causes of being overweight. In Etiologies of Obesity in Children: Nature and Nurture authors Joseph A. Skelton, Megan B. Irby, Joseph Grzywacz, and Gary Miller provide a great overview of the causes of thisShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Nature And Nurture Development At Childhood Stages1603 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood Development Student’s Name University Name â€Æ' Childhood Development Introduction Twins who have the same genetic makeup raised up in a different environment have portrayed variation in performance and other dynamics of intelligence quotients, physical development, and socioemotional development. Research on adoptions has also revealed interesting results concerning biological and nature in the development of the children. Therefore, this raises the question about the roles of nature andRead More Nature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A debate between psychologist, scientists and philosopher thinkers on the spectrum of ‘nature vs. nurture’ arose concerning human development. In the nature versus nurture debate, the term nature refers to the genes we inherit while the term nurture refers to our outside environment (Nature vs. Nurture: Twin and Adoption Studies). This debate of ‘nature vs. nurture’ has existed for centuries and up to now it is still a topic of major discussion although at present time. Human developmentRead MoreThe Importance of Nature and Nurture Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pages The nature versus nurture debate has lasted centuries due to the difficulty of separating genetic and environmental factors in humans. Studies on behavioral genetics measure similarity between subjects, but cannot locate its origin. For this, a control must be present, leading scientists to twin research. Identical twins have the exact same DNA, differing from fraternal twins with only 50% similarity, no greater than average siblings. Identical twins offer a natural experiment that allows researchersRead MoreM1 AND D1 Development through life stages3017 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of the individual (M1) Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature can be loosely defined as genetic inheritance or the genetic makeup (the information encoded in your genes) which a person inherits from both parents at the time of conception and carries throughout life. Several things in an individual geneticallyRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits3406 Words   |  14 Pagesstability. I would associate myself with the agreeableness trait because I feel that I display kindness and gentleness and that I am affectionate. 3. Obesity in US children is on the increase. What three things can parents do to avoid obesity in their children? Why is each important? The institute of medicine, as quoted by Kathleen Berger states that â€Å"obesity is more common in infants who are not breast-fed, in preschoolers who watch TV and dink soda, and in school-age children who are not breast-fedRead MoreAdolescence Is The Most Important Stages Of Human Development1282 Words   |  6 Pagesone of the most important stages of human development. The biological stage of adolescence is crucial because it physically forms the child into an adult. When the child goes through puberty they are metaphorically and literally leaving their childhood behind. Puberty is the stage where children experience growth spurts, fertility, and sexual maturation. This change generally occurs between the ages of 9 to 13 and 11 to 15 for females and males respectively (ReCAPP 2007). When the body is maturingRead MoreNature vs. Nurture Shown in Family Addiction3111 Words   |  12 Pagesboth alcoholics. John has been exposed to his mother’s inappropriate relationship with alcohol since before he was born. In the age-old debate of nature vs. nurture, some would say it was merely natural for John to follow his mother’s path, a la the apple does not fall far from the tree—his addiction was inherited. Others would argue that John’s childhood experiences and home environment led him on the road to addiction. Many might q uestion whether John would have fared better if he had been raisedRead MoreObesity is NOT a Disease Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesHIV/AIDS is due to unprotected sex. Obesity contributes to heart disease as well as several other diseases. Unprotected sex, smoking, and obesity are not the disease; they are the cause of disease. Many public forums such as the news, health professionals, educational articles, and pharmaceutical companies have referred to obesity as a disease. There is a growing debate in America about whether or not obesity is a disease and if it is appropriate to call it a disease. Obesity has not been officially classifiedRead MorePsychology P1 and M13058 Words   |  13 Pageseat more or could potentially become addicted to food leading to illnesses such as diabetes and obesity. Psychodynamic approach. Within this approach there are only two theorists these are Freud and Erikson (1905). They both talk about the conscious and un-conscious mind. The psychodynamic approach by Freud and Erickson focuses on the impact the un-conscious mind has on behaviour, bad childhood experiences and dealing with emotion. When someone does not want to accept that something bad hasRead MoreThe Benefits of Healthy Eating1739 Words   |  7 Pagesqualified people jump one the bandwagon to prescribe and recommend. Because up to 75 percent of deaths in this country are a result of life-style related degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, arthritis, depression, aging, and numerous other conditions, the importance of healthful eating is being stressed more and more.( The Nutrition Desk Reference, Robert Garrison Jr. M.A, R.Ph Elizabeth Somer, M.A, R.D,1997). Although there are

Assignment 2-Introduction to Written Texts Essay - 2201 Words

|SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY | ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET For use with online submission of assignments Please complete all of the following details and then make this sheet the first page of each file of your assignment – do not send it as a separate document. Your assignments must be submitted as either Word documents (with .doc extension, NOT.docx), text documents with .rtf extension or as .pdf documents. If you wish to submit in any other file format please discuss this with your lecturer well before the assignment submission date. |Student Name: |Tamara Johns | |Student ID†¦show more content†¦The roles and responsibilities were defined by what was inherited from the generations prior and to a significant degree, these beliefs had a connection with the laws of God disseminated through the church. As a result, such roles and responsibilities were strongly entrenched hence to challenge them would result in making the person an outcast. Gender as a whole is a crucial element to the construction of a society. European women in the nineteenth century lived in the age of gender inequality and therefore women of both upper and middle-class had no occupational choices and stayed home caring for the children and the house, while men were out working and bringing home the money. This discourse is considered the norm and as Mary Klages explains in Literary Theory, she refers to the poststructuralist theories that signifies gender as attached to sexually dimorphic bodies, which signify the division of social practices and relations into binary oppositions of male/female and masculine/feminine (Klages 2006, pg. 91-92). The gender concept is clearly a conflict in anytime, posing a threat to social standing and the definition of women. Whilst the advocating of social equality within society is an intellectual way of advancing the rights of a suppressed group of people such as females, it is none the less difficult to digest t heShow MoreRelatedArtic Mining Consultant1595 Words   |  7 Pages2.2 Individual Written Assignment – Case Study Report Assignment Overview The purpose of the case study report is to help you bridge theoretical and practical applications of organisational behaviour topics, while also helping you build important written communication and problem-solving skills. Analysing a case study allows you to simulate some of the complexities and ambiguities that are present in real organisational problems and consider practical and evidence-based solutions. You willRead MoreStudy Guide1489 Words   |  6 Pages.................................................................................1 Course Summary........................................................................................................................................................2 Learning Materials and References ...........................................................................................................................4 Course Outline ...........................................................................Read MoreExplain Why It Is Both Necessary and Helpful to Study the Context of Prior History, Especially the Experiences of the Participants in That History, in Order to Understand What Is Valued by These Participants. 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Analysis of the LifeRead MoreEssay about Crj 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment746 Words   |  3 PagesCRJ 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/crj-100-week-10-assignment-3-probation-and-punishment/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ssignment 3: Probation and Punishment In preparation for this assignment, please complete all required readings and activities in Weeks 8 through 10 in Unit 3: Corrections.WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECKRead Moreissue and conclusion Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Module one - Introduction to Barometer Rising (Sunday) 1 Assignment for submission in this module (see #4 below) Textbook activities and Assignment: 1. Read the following in Barometer Rising by Hugh MacLennan: Sunday 2. Make notes for these pages, which you feel will help you later in this course. 3. Complete the following for your own records: a) Summarize the events found in the Introduction and those that occur on Sunday in the novel. It is important to keep a running summaryRead MoreItech 54011046 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Assignment Weighting: 30% Due Date: Refer to course description. Submission: Submit your report on Moodle – use a zip file format if necessary. Your lecturer will inform you if a paper copy is required and provide you with details. Assignment Topic: Select one or more key issues concerning communicating as professionals and discuss in detail how it relates to practise in a particular field. (For example, journalists, lawyers, teachers and IT professionals) Description of Assignment: Students

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Individual...

The evidence for genetic contribution to individual intelligence are (1) Family studies indicate that intelligence occurs in families, (2) Twin studies illustrate a greater link within identical twins in IQ than between non-identical, or fraternal , twins. This is true even when identical twins raised apart are contrasted with fraternal twins reared together. (3) Adoption studies suggest that adopted children are slightly comparable to their biological parents in intelligence. The focus here is on differences and similarities and the extent in which they are created by genetic effects, in contrast to environmental influences. Because family components are genetically similar, traits found within that family can be reasonably designated as†¦show more content†¦So, twin studies suggest that genes play a very important role, but are not the only factor, since if they were; the correlation between identical twins would be 1. Identical twins raised in separate environments are almost as similar in g measurements as those raised together. Adopted children and their adoptive parents have a g correlation of zero, of course, while adopted children and their biological parents are likely to have the same correlations as any parent –child set. So although genes do not seem to be the sole factor mediating intelligence, their effects do seem to be unvarying and likely not superseded by environment. In this way, twin studies give psychologists greater insight into the role of genes in intelligence. Critics of twin studies suggest that twin similarities may be a result of chance rather than evidence of heredity at work. Also, because adopted twin children tend to be placed in similar settings, critics suggest that the trait similarities may be a matter of comparable experience rather than one of heredity. Adoption studies allow psychologists to decide on the influence of genetics and environment on human development by determining whether adopted children are more like their biological parents, who provide their genetic makeup, or their adoptive parents, who provide the environmental influences. These studies show thatShow MoreRelatedIndividual Diffferences - How environmental factors affect Personality Intelligence1525 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe and evaluate the ways in which environmental factors can impact on the development of an individual’s personality and intelligence. The discussion in this essay entails the extent to which environmental factors impact an individual’s development of personality and intelligence. Development can be defined as ‘improvement in function’ which would imply that it occurs with the progression of age. Personality has been found to have a substantial genetic influence however economic and social factorsRead MoreThe Influence Of Nature And Nurture On An Individual s Intelligence916 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch shows the influence of nature and nurture on an individual s intelligence. Intelligence can be defined as The aggregate or global capacity to act purposefully think rationally and deal effectively with the environment. Thus intelligence helps define ones action in a given situation. Intelligence can be influenced by many factors, mainly being the nature and environmental. The natural factor consists of the inborn tendencies and genetics that show that a part of intelligence is inherited. TheRead MoreThe Between Intelligence And Longevity1373 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch on intelligence-longevity association. This essay will demonstrate how different studies have supported the association using the four mechanisms proposed in the Scottish Mental Surveys: (a) bodily insults, (b) bodily system integrity, (c) predictor of healthy behaviour, and (d) predictor of safer environment. (Deary, Whiteman, Starr, Whalley, Fox, 2004) Additional research will be applied to analyse the effectiveness of the causal mechanisms for the relationship between intelligence and longevityRead MoreThe Nurture Versus Nature Debate1743 Words   |  7 Pageswith various studies dating back to the beginning of the 20th century. Two schools of individual difference theorists clearly differ in their approach to this question. The first school of thought, implanted in social psychology and sociology, claims that the environment is of principal importance in determining how individuals behave. For these theorists, the examination of social processes by which intelligence and personality traits are attributed to others is seen as the only relevant issue inRead MoreFactors Affecting Human Intelligence1786 Words   |  7 Pagesaffecting the human intelligence Factors affecting the human intelligence Nature and nurture play a significant role in determining the life of people with regard to their intelligence level. Intelligence is the unique way in which a person can be able to come into an understanding of problems mentally, respond to them and replicate the surrounding he exists. Human intelligence is determined by two main factors which have caused great debate for years. These two factors are the environmental also knownRead MoreGenetic Determinism of Human Character Essay640 Words   |  3 Pagesgenotype. Human character comprising mainly of personality, sexuality, morality and intelligence are the products of genetic determinism as well as external environmental factors. â€Å"Single genes can have surprisingly strong influences on particular aspects of behaviour.† (Frank., 2009) Genes build the phenotype of humans as well as the underlying genotype. Competition between cultural genes leads to varied success of genetic determinism. It can therefore be said that learnt traits such as those espousedRead MoreWhat are the Main Influences of Intelligence?754 Words   |  3 Pagesdetermines a person’s individual traits. Does this mean that one’s existence is only defined by one’s gene? Is biodiversity in humanity solely based on different genotypes and phenotypic variations, therefore giving no credit to non-genetic factors in proving successful human development? In fact, human intelligence is not solely influenced by heredity. Non-genetic factors, for example the environment, encompass not only the physical, chemical and biological principles of intelligence, but also the numerousRead MoreHuman Behavior: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior of a person is occurring because of their genetic makeup. Since the behavior of a person is due to their genetic makeup, then, it (nature) should also influence a person’s growth and development for the duration of their life. However, the nurture side of the debate says, the cause for an individual’s behavior is because of environmental factors. This would mean that the influence from our family (immediate and extended), friends and other individuals would mold our behavior. Ultimately, no oneRead MoreIntelligence : Intelligence And Genetics1460 Words   |  6 PagesIntelligence and genetics. Introduction: For many decades psychologist have attempted to link intelligence to genetic traits and test the probability of intelligence of an individual. How does one define intelligence and what measurement scale is effective in measuring intelligence are problems scientist are facing when determining intelligence. Other factors to consider when testing and tracking intelligence is the environment, nutrition and nurture of an individual. If psychologist were able toRead MoreHow Nature And Nurture Affect Human Development1203 Words   |  5 PagesNature comes from biological factors, so this allows an individual to grow and develop through learning, although some factors do come under environmental. So nature and nurture does play similar roles within and against each other. Nature comes from birth and nurture at the same time does not come from birth as nurture does not inherit genes. Nurture is environmental factors. Despite everyone living in the same environment nurture does influence huma n development so this is about their brain development

Effective Methods to Determine Stress Intensity - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEffective Methods to Determine Stress Intensity. Answer: In the study of metal cracking, one of the measures used in quantifying parameters and predicting the growth of cracks is the stress intensity factor (SIF). This is a factor that indicates the state of stress of a metal at the tip of the crack (Ka?ianauskas, Zenon, Ã… ½arnovskij, Stupak, 2005). SIF analysis is necessary when understanding the behaviour of loaded metal components of structures and their ultimate failure stresses and both 2D and 3D methods are available for carrying out the analysis. SIF Analysis is done by use of the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanisms theory which is provided for cracks on a plane surface. The theory was first introduced by Westergaard in 1939 though later improved by Irwin in 1957. Using this theory, he developed the equation below: Where: a = length of the crack; = stress function for the stress field. Using this theory, it is possible to model three different surface conditions for tensile stressing, Modes I-III, that represent tension, in-planar shear and anti-planar shear respectively (Zhu Leis, 2014). For 2D analysis, the analysis is done on the plane where the x dimension is the direction of the crack while the y dimension is the crack height in a space considered an infinite length of the material. The thickness of this body and the shape of crack opening are not considered. The 3D analysis is more preferred however as cracks usually occur along this plane. The z dimension here is the direction of curve opening and it gives the curve thickness. Finite and boundary element methods are used to analyse cracks on a 3D surface (Gozin Aghaie-Khafri, 2012). References: Gozin, M., Aghaie-Khafri, M. (2012). 2D and 3D finite element analysis of crack growth under compressive residual stress field. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 49(23), 3316-3322. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020768312002995 Ka?ianauskas, R., Zenon, M., Ã… ½arnovskij, V., Stupak, E. (2005). Three-dimensional Correction of the Stress Intensity Factor for Plate with a Notch. International Journal of Fracture, 136(1), 75-98. Zhu, X.-K., Leis, B. (2014). Effective Methods to Determine Stress Intensity Factors for 2D and 3D Cracks. Proceedings of the Biennial International Pipeline Conference (p. 2). IPC.

Culture Ethics and Researchers Responsibilities

Question: Discuss about the Culture Ethics and Researchers Responsibilities. Answer: Introduction The case deals with the charges of child and sexual abuse by the father under the legislation of Family Court Act 1997 section 70A (1). However, the accused father denied the charges against him and pleaded to have the childs custody due to the lack of unsubstantiated disclosures found by the child protection authority. On the contrary, the allegations put by the childs mother were based on the statements made by the child as well as based on the lookouts for abuse signs. Considering the circumstances and contentions made by the mother, ethical codes has been identified in the study together with the social and cultural factors. The study also represents the analysis of ethical values with respect to the child protection activities and duties of parents for the benefits of child during the growing stage. The study highlights the cultural diversification, social practices and values for raising children by single parent related to their protective behaviours. Background The present case involves a case of sexual abuse of child by the father that was witnessed by the childs mother in January 2014. The child in the present case was six years old was found to have been abused by the father, which included rubbing of the childs private body parts while punishing him. Further, during the month of April 2014, the child informed the mother about the abusing actions taken by the father that has been noticed by the mother during the time of supervision. Accordingly, the mother contended to the court about the abusive behaviour of the father towards his child. However, the court in first application ordered the supervision action along with the appointment of psychologist to keep a check and teach the child regularly. The court further ordered the parent of the child to provide him with regular therapy with respect to the protective behaviour for the childs safety and healthy growth. Moreover, during the period September 2014, the child disclosed to the mother about the actions while the mother successfully convinced the court for the requirement of courts supervision. As a consequence, the court advised the father to meet the child under the supervision of female relatives and for short period of time in order to protect the child behaviour. It was further noted that the trial was scheduled to start in Bunbury in the month of February 2015, which failed to be commenced until June 2015 and further failed to be completed due to absence of the mother after a receipt of writ order from the court. It was further noted that father sought the orders for the proceedings in the year 2012 stating the order with respect to equal sharing of parental responsibility for the child. Since, the concerned allegations were denied by the father due to lack of evidence therefore, during the course of first trial, the father changed his proposal of equal share. Moreover, in the second trial, the father amended the application of proposal for the full time child responsibility, which was applied in presence of the mothers allegations. On the contrary, the childs mother contended that there should be equal sharing responsibility subject to the fathers presence during day- time. In case of legislations under the Family Court Act, there are social factors that recognise the grounds for considering theories and explanations for the protection and safeguard of family members. It has been suggested that the social theories incorporates the explanation that enhances the seriousness of the offence that is related to the parenting responsibilities for the child (Featherstone et al., 2014). Considering the case of child abuse legislations of Adoption Act 1993 is to be applied together with the legislations of Human Rights Act 2004 to protect and safeguard the child behaviour for the best interest. The present case involves a situation of child abuse by the father during the course of punishment, which was witnessed by the mother and contended the supervision order to check on the fathers actions and to protect the child (Leviner, 2014). As a social factor, it is essential in the present case that the childs parents provide their respective responsibilities with the uniformity to create care and support. It has been considered that the given case incorporates abusive actions of father to his child indicating the social offence touching of private parts of the child is considered as a social offence (Berrick et al., 2015). According to the social requirements, it is essential for the parents to conduct their parenting duties with responsibilities in the best interests of their children. As per the rulings in case of Berry Street Inc, Submission FV 163, it has been noted that the accused part held for sexual abuse to the child in the organization, which had been a criminal offence (Leigh, 2016). Accordingly, in the present case of Briggs and Kerr it has been observed that parents of the child contended changes in proposals for sharing responsibility to attend the child. It was further contended by the father that he wanted to attend the child for full time period whereas the mother contended that he should be allowed only for weekends during day- time. Therefore, it can be said that the case represents offences for child protection and due care that would eventually affect the social values and morals with respect to the child behaviour (Murray, Nguyen Cohen, 2014). Cultural Considering the cultural factors, it has been identified that the regional differences and cultural diversification affects the child protection behaviour that leads to a chid abusive actions. Several children belong to different countries having diversified cultures that not only strikes the sexual abusing practices but also malpractices and cultural beliefs (Pipe et al., 2013). In the given case, it has been mentioned that the child had been suffered from the sexual abuse by his father that is against the cultural factor enhances the standard of living of the society as well as creates social values. Considering the legislations on abusing children, Children and Community Services Act 2004 includes protection of child on the statutory level within home care protection as well as out- of home care services (Dettmeyer, Verhoff Schtz, 2014). The present case incorporates general provisions with respect to child maintenance as per the cultural identity as well as the community as the accused involved has been the childs father. Child protection activity incorporates the child support after care that has been contained in the Australian jurisdictions, which is valid to children up to the age of 21 years (Pruett DiFonzo, 2014). The legislations under National Framework for protection of Australian children incorporate the jurisdiction of state governments for protection of children. In addition, cultural factor in the present case indicates that the responsibility of the parents should be checked and supervised by the government officials or court referees. In general sense, parents are held as the most responsible individuals for child care and protection, therefore if the they are held for abusing their own children it hampers the cultural values in the community (Kagitcibasi, 2013). For instance, diverse child practices incorporate affection display towards the children including education, safeguard and respect for others that may include professional interpretation. It has been noted that certain parents provide undue pressure on their children related to the critical activities, study pressure along with the physical punishments. Such activities by the parents indicate high risk on the ethical values of the society and cultural morals within the community (Dean Taylor-Gooby, 2014). Code of ethics In any governing legislations, maintenance of code of ethics is essential to protect the rights and values of the children to assist them with the acceptable behaviours, maintenance of standards as well as ethical dilemmas. Code of ethics refers to a process with written set of principles and standards that directs the organisations and governing authorities to protect the rights of the individuals as well as to maintain the benchmark for the benefits of the society (McWayne et al., 2013). In addition, it is essential to follow the principles and procedures of ethical codes to protect the values of weak and vulnerable children including the assistance to make decisions during the period of ethical dilemmas. Situation that incorporates moral conflicts between the parties or individuals affecting the responsibilities and duties is called as ethical dilemmas (Marcdante Kliegman, 2014). Accordingly, in case of child sexual abuse, which was contended by parents, is considered as ethical dilemmas against the protection and safeguard of the child. The legislations of Family Court Act, Adoption Act and Family Law Act ensure the compliance of ethical principles for the parents and individuals while raising or attending their children (Fisher Mustanski, 2014). In the present case, father of the child held for sexually abused his child while giving him punishment depicts the lack of ethical codes while performing the parental responsibilities and protection behaviour (Grinbaum Groves, 2013). It can be said that the case lacks the ethics on maintaining the practical standards since, giving punishment to the child is not an offence but touching the private parts represents lower practical standards. In addition, the act of father to his child reflected parental behaviours, which is not acceptable by the governing authorities within the society. The case reflected harmful actions for the powerless child impose by his father, which indicated the ethical dilemmas that could affect the beliefs in family relations (Cater verlien, 2014). It has been further noticed that the course of action by the father towards his child represented negative consequences with respect to the privacy rights and unauthorised activities. The situation in the present case involved inappropriate actions of the childs parents as the mother contended order for fathers visit during the day- time along with the company of female relatives. Similar to the case in the legislation of Children and Community Services Act, the accused party for non- compliance of ethical policies was imposed with fine for a maximum amount $36,000 and imprisonment for a year (Cater verlien, 2014). Accordingly, it can be said that the present situation would reflect imposition of penalty or fine on the accused father of the child. Stakeholders According to Rigby et al., 2015, parenting responsibilities involves maintain the rights and duties of the parents to protect the interests and values of the child required for their growth and upbringing. Legislations of the Family Court Act 1997 (WA), states that parents are responsible to protect the rights and benefits of the children with respect to the social values, cultural values and ethical values. In the present case, the father had been accused of punishing the child together by abusing him sexually (Rigby et al., 2015). As per the legislations on childs protection, it is essential for a parent to protect the rights of children therefore, the governing authorities considers regular supervisions and checks on the parental behaviour towards their child. Considering the given case, it can be said that the legislations in the Family Court Act, it is essential to provide the children that includes financial support, clothing, education support, protection and healthcare. In case parents fail to provide the relevant necessities or fail to comply the responsibilities or fail to protect the children then it will be considered as a child offence (Bijleveld, Dedding Bunders?Aelen, 2015). In the present case, childs mother contended the charges against the father alleging the abusive actions and appealed for permission to take the child along in Perth. However, the court allowed to supervise the fathers activity which represents the consideration of ethical values, integrity and parental morals (Rodriguez, 2013). The independent childrens lawyer As per the regulations of child protection act, it is essential to maintain the parental responsibilities and duty of protection to the children. Accordingly, it is important to consider the substantial evidences in confirming the allegations on the parent for abusing the child sexually or emotionally. Grendell et al., (2016) stated that the legislations on child welfare ensures that the childs integrity and privacy has been maintained and protected for the benefit of society and community. The social work involves respect, value as well as inherent dignity that constitute ethical principles to perform the professional work. It is essential to critically examine the core values of the responsibility parents behaviour for the protection of child. Accordingly, application of critical theory, legal and social regulations have to be considered. As per the given situation, it has been observed that the child and the mother influenced the actions of the father by disclosing the facts. Appl ying the approach of critical theory it has been considered that the actions of the father could be presented together with the evidences. Such action would have presented the case with more strong and logical point. Instead of allowing the supervision approach on the childs father, the court should have allowed to consider the childs statement along with the valid evidences. On the contrary, it can be said that the actions of sexual abuse on a child is difficult to prove but at the same time, it involves moral issues and cultural issues that affects the social standards. Accordingly, it can be suggested that the mother while witnessing the incident and actions of father resulted in childs abuse; she should have been recorded and later presented to the court. Further, while making application on equal sharing responsibility for childs upbringing and growth, it can be said that the father should not have been allowed to take the responsibility alone rather; the mother also should be accompanied with the official representatives. Further, it can be said that the core values of the parental behaviour should be examined and provide consultancy to the father for the purpose of explaining the ethical principles on child protection and best interest. Conclusion In view of the above discussion, it can be said that the present case with respect to the legislations of Family Court Act, it is essential to perform the parental behaviour by following the ethical principles. In the case, the main parties involved were the childs mother and father in which the father was charged against the sexual abuse on the child. It was considered that the case involved social issues, cultural issues and ethical issues that affect the childs integrity and values. The actions of the father in the present situation implied the diminishing value in social standards together with the integrity of the childs values. 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